Sex Differences in Goals for Supportive Interactions     

Erina L. MacGeorge  Bo Feng  Ginger L. Butler  Jennifer L. Dane  Stacey A. Passalacqua 《Communication Studies》2013,64(1):23-46

One explanation for sex differences in supportive behavior is that men and women pursue different goals in supportive interactions. Sex differences in goals may themselves be explained by personality traits such as expressivity and supportive self‐efficacy, or situational factors such as target responsibility. The current study examined sex differences in the pursuit of eight supportive goals, and the extent to which differences were explained by personality and situational factors. Participants (254 men, 386 women) read hypothetical scenarios involving a distressed friend who was depicted as responsible or not responsible for his or her problematic situation, and responded to measures of supportive goals and personality traits. Results indicate that women are somewhat more likely to pursue a range of goals that are likely to result in effective supportive messages (e.g., emotional support, problem‐solving). Many of the sex differences in goal pursuit were mediated by the personality traits of expressivity and supportive self‐efficacy.  相似文献   

Contamination of dietary supplements and positive drug tests in sport     

RJ Maughan 《Journal of sports sciences》2013,31(9):883-889

The use of dietary supplements is widespread in sport and most athletes competing at the highest level of competition use some form of dietary supplementation. Many of these supplements confer no performance or health benefit, and some may actually be detrimental to both performance and health when taken in high doses for prolonged periods. Some supplements contain excessive doses of potentially toxic ingredients, while others do not contain significant amounts of the ingredients listed on the label. There is also now evidence that some of the apparently legitimate dietary supplements on sale contain ingredients that are not declared on the label but that are prohibited by the doping regulations of the International Olympic Committee and of the World Anti-Doping Agency. Contaminants that have been identified include a variety of anabolic androgenic steroids (including testosterone and nandrolone as well as the pro-hormones of these compounds), ephedrine and caffeine. This contamination may in most cases be the result of poor manufacturing practice, but there is some evidence of deliberate adulteration of products. The principle of strict liability that applies in sport means that innocent ingestion of prohibited substances is not an acceptable excuse, and athletes testing positive are liable to penalties. Although it is undoubtedly the case that some athletes are guilty of deliberate cheating, some positive tests are likely to be the result of inadvertent ingestion of prohibited substances present in otherwise innocuous dietary supplements.  相似文献   

Collaborative inquiry in teacher professional development     

Deborah L. Butler  Leyton Schnellert 《Teaching and Teacher Education》2012

This article presents an in-depth case study of a complex community of inquiry. In this community, teachers worked collaboratively to build from situated assessments of students' learning through reading to refine and monitor practices designed to enhance student learning in their subject-area classrooms. In this report, we present evidence to address three questions: (1) What did inquiry look like within this community?; (2) How was collaboration implicated in teachers' inquiry?; and (3) How was engagement in inquiry related to meaningful shifts in teachers' practice and learning? This research contributes by uncovering important links between teacher inquiry, collaboration, and educational change.  相似文献   

Wanted: A speech salesman for the United States government     

Mrs. Hugh Butler 《Quarterly Journal of Speech》2013,99(3):269-272

This essay argues that the alleged demise of a unified and coherent public in contemporary twentieth‐century American political discourse is more a symptom of how we have visually objectified “the people” than it is a newly discovered fragmentation of the “thing” itself. This claim is developed by examining the emergence of social documentary photojournalism in the 1930s and its ideological implications for American liberal‐democratic rhetorical practices. James Agee and Walker Evans's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men is treated as a representative anecdote that illustrates the problems and possibilities of the tensions between individualism and collectivism that rest at the heart of liberal democracy.  相似文献   

The Use of Humor and Storytelling with African American Men: Innovative Therapeutic Strategies for Success in Counseling     

Linwood G. Vereen  Nicole R. Hill  S. Kent Butler 《International journal for the advancement of counseling》2013,35(1):57-63

In recent years, the use of culturally appropriate humor as a tool for change within the parameters of counseling has grown within the literature. In comparison, the art of storytelling has had little attention within the literature as a tool for strategic change. This article outlines a framework for the use of humor and storytelling as innovative approaches for successfully counseling African American men. In addition, the growing research on the socialization of men is used to assist in the development of culturally appropriate strategies that help African American men utilize their inherent strengths within the counseling process.  相似文献   

A Study‐Worship‐Service Project     

Erwin L. Shaver∗  Otto Mayer∗  C. Ivar Hellstrom∗  Frank E. Duddy∗  Frank E. Butler∗ 《Religious education (Chicago, Ill.)》2013,108(2):96-103

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Meeting Reports     

Sarah Butler 《Health information and libraries journal》1996,13(4):216-218

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The conversion of manual catalogs to collection data bases.     

B Butler  B Aveney  W Scholz 《Library technology reports》1978,14(2):109-206

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Mastery versus ability appraisal: a developmental study of children's observations of peers' work     

R Butler 《Child development》1989,60(6):1350-1361

This study was designed to test the hypothesis that there is an age-related shift from mastery enhancement to relative ability assessment in the goal of social comparison. Children at ages 5, 7, and 10 made pictures with stickers under conditions of high or low concern with relative performance (competition/no competition) and high or low procedural ambiguity (free design/copying a drawing). The effects of the manipulations on frequency of glancing at the experimenter and the drawing were similar at all ages; competition enhanced glancing at peers, however, only at ages 7 and 10. The hypothesized shift in the function of social comparison was further supported by age differences in children's explanations for glancing at peers and by the pattern of intercorrelations between glances at the 3 targets and between glances and picture quality. The results indicate how mastery-based comparisons can promote mastery and performance and illustrate some costs older children may pay for their tendency to observe others primarily to assess relative ability.  相似文献   

From Skepticism to Scholarship: Learning and Living Self-Study Research in a Doctoral Seminar     

Kristen H. Gregory  Mark M. Diacopoulos  Angela Branyon  Brandon M. Butler 《Studying Teacher Education》2017,13(3):257-274

Teacher education doctoral seminars can provide a space for students to collaborate, reflect and support each other as they transition from teacher to teacher educator. These spaces also provide a forum for the learning of new research methodologies. This collaborative self-study chronicles how one group of doctoral students learned self-study research and fostered a scholarly identity in a doctoral seminar focused on learning about teacher education practices through self-study research. The participants shared autobiographies, journals, and critical summaries of assigned readings, and they questioned each other’s understanding and development in the context of their shared experiences. Through this process, they overcame concerns regarding self-study as they developed their understanding of the components of self-study research and accepted their new role as self-study researchers. This study provides insights into the benefits of using doctoral seminars as a space to develop a scholarly identity and for using that space as a source of investigation. Implications for similar communities are also discussed.  相似文献